A. 存在泛化(Existential Generalization, EG): A(c) → (∃x)A(x)

B. 存在实例化(Existential Instantiation, EI): (∃x)A(x) → A(c)

C. 全称实例化(Universal Instantiation, UI): (∀x)A(x) → A(y)

D. 全称泛化(Universal Generalization, UG): (∃y)A(y) → (∀x)A(x)