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单选题 ____ trees have been planted in our school in the past 10 years

A. Thousands of

B. Two thousands

C. Thousand of

D. Two thousand of

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学科：默认课程

时间：2025-12-29 04:04:53

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While dynastic rule has existed in many civilizations, nowhere is it more central to the narrative of nationhood than in China. The Chinese dynastic tradition begins with Yu the Great(大禹), the legendary tamer of the flood,whose son Qi(启)inherited the throne marking the start of hereditary rule under the Xia Dynasty (around 2070 BCE-1600 BCE). From this mythic origin, Chinese history unfolds through a long sequence of dynasties, each leaving an enduring legacy in governance, philosophy, technology, and the arts. To understand this millennia-long narrative,with its cycles unity and fragmentation, cultural flourishing and institutional reform, is to grasp the de continuities and transformations that define Chinese civilization.[B] Following the Xia, the Shang Dynasty (1600 BCE—1046 BCE) emerge as the first Chinese dynasty with clear archaeological and written evidence. The Shang is renowned for advanced bronze casting, producing intricate ritual vessels, weapons, and chariots that display remarkable artistry. Its most significant contribution is the development of early Chinese writing, preserved on oracle bones(甲骨文)—— turtle shells and animal bones used for divination. These inscriptions, primarily records of royal divinations, indirectly reveal aspects of Shang society, rulers, religion —— including ancestor worship and daily life. The Shang's succession of kings, ruling from several capitals (the last being Yin near modern Anyang), laid essential foundations for Chinese culture before the dynasty was overthrown by the Zhou.[C] The Zhou Dynasty (1046 BCE-256 BCE) is often seen as the period that laid the intellectual and philosophical foundations of Chinese culture. During the later stages of the Zhou Dynasty, particularly the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, the concept of the Mandate of Heaven was introduced, which held that rulers derived their authority from divine approval. If a ruler was unjust or failed to govern well, they could lose the mandate, thereby legitimizing the rise of a new ruling dynasty. This idea became central to Chinese political thought and justified the rise and fall of many dynasties throughout China's history. This period also witnessed the rise of the Hundred Schools of Thought(诸子百家), a flourishing of diverse philosophies. Influential thinkers such as Confucius,Laozi, and Mozi emerged, whose teachings profoundly shaped China's views on ethics, governance, and society, leaving a lasting impact on Chinese civilization.[D] The Qin Dynasty (221 BCE-207 BCE), from which the name "China" (pronounced "Chin") is thought to be derived, marks a pivotal turning point in Chinese history. In 221 BCE, Emperor Qin Shi Huang brought an end to the Warring States Period by unifying the rival states, founding China's first imperial dynasty. Although its reign was remarkably short, lasting just 15 years, the Qin Dynasty was profoundly transformative. Emperor Qin Shi Huang initiated sweeping reforms to consolidate his empire: he standardized the writing system, weights, measures, and currency, and oversaw the creation of an extensive network of roads and canals to facilitate trade and communication. He also ordered the construction of the initialversion of the Great Wall to defend against northern invasions. Despite these achievements, his harsh authoritarian rule and strict laws sparked widespread unrest. The dynasty quickly fell after his death, yet its creation of a unified, centralized state left a lasting framework for future dynasties.[E] After the fall of the Qin, the Han Dynasty (202 BCE-220 CE) rose to become one of the most prosperous and influvential eras in Chinese history. Founded by Liu Bang (Emperor Gaozu), the Han is often seen as a golden age marked by territorial expansion, economic growth, and cultural advancement. The Han rulers extended China's borders and established the Silk Road, promoting not just vital trade in goods but also significant cultural and intellectual exchange with Central Asia, the Middle East,and Europe. This influential period also saw mnajor advancements in science and technology,including the invention of paper and the development of more accurate calendars.Furthermore, Confucianism was officially adopted as the guiding state philosophy, and the Han introduced a system of recommendation and selection that laid the groundwork for the later imperial examination system.[F] The Tang Dynasty (618 CE-907 CE) is often regarded as another illustrious golden age in Chinese history, celebrated for its openness, stability, and cultural brilliance. Under Tang's rule, China became a cosmopolitan hub of trade,culture, and diplomacy, drawing merchants, scholars, and envoys from across Asia and beyond. Its capital, Chang'an (modern-day Xi'an), stood as one of the world's largest and most advanced cities, with the Silk Road fostering vibrant global exchange. The era saw remarkable cultural achievements, including a flourishing of poetry, painting, and ceramics, and the fusion of religious traditions. Iconic poets like Li Bai and Du Fu elevated Chinese literature to new heights, while the dynasty's openness to foreign influences fostered the spread of Buddhism from India and the expansion of Daoist temples across the empire.[G] After the Tang Dynasty's fall, China endured the divisive Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms(五代十国)period.In 960 CE, General Zhao Kuangyin (Emperor Taizu) reunified the country, founding the Song Dynasty (960 CE-1279CE). Technologically, this era saw remarkable innovations: movable-type printing revolutionized knowledge dissemination; gunpowder transformed warfare; and the magnetic compass was crucial for navigation. The Song also introduced the world's first government paper money, greatly facilitating commercial growth. Culturally, Neo-Confucianism rose within a sophisticated intellectual environment. Artistic expression flourished, showcased by highly refined landscape paintings capturing nature's essence, and exquisite ceramics-celebrated globally for elegant forms and subtle glazes-which became timeless masterpieces.[H] The Yuan Dynasty (1271 CE-1368 CE), founded by Kublai Khan (忽必烈), facilitated significant trade and cultural exchange between the East and the West. The Silk Road reached its height during this period, famously documented by the Venetian explorer Marco Polo who visited China and brought descriptions of the Yuan Empire into the consciousness of Europe. The Yuan era also saw the flourishing of popular culture, including vernacular drama① and novels. Despite its initial power,internal strife and resistance eventually led to its decline.[I] The Ming Dynasty (1368 CE-1644 CE),founded by Zhu Yuanzhang (Emperor Hongwu) following the Yuan Dynasty, ushered in centuries of stability and remarkable cultural and technological advancement. With the capital later moved to Beijing, where the grand Forbidden City was constructed, the dynasty embarked on ambitious projects that symbolized imperial strength and innovation. During the Yongle reign, Admiral Zheng He's maritime expeditions exemplified advanced naval engineering and expanded China's influence across the seas,while major efforts were made to reinforce the Great Wall. Ming porcelain, particularly the iconic blue-and-white ware, earned worldwide acclaim for its refined artistry and elegance. Vernacular literature blossomed,bringing classic novels to wide audiences, while painting explored sophisticated new styles. Monumental intellectual efforts, such as the compilation of the Great Canon of the Yongle Reign®(《永乐大典》), showcased the dynasty's ambition to preserve and organize knowledge.[J] Established by the Manchus after conquering Ming China, the Qing Dynasty (1644 CE-1912 CE) was the final imperial dynasty to rule China. The early Qng emperors, particularly Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong, presided over a long period of stability, prosperity, and significant territorial expansion, integrating diverse regions into the empire. While the Manchu rulers maintained their distinct identity, they largely adopted Confucian principles for governance and patronized traditional arts and scholarship, overseeing projects like the Complete Library of the Four Treasuries③(《四库全书》).However, by the 19th century, the Qing faced mounting internal pressures, including widespread movements like the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement⓸, and severe external challenges from Western powers like the Opium War⑤. Weakened by these struggles and failed reforms, the dynasty collapsed following the Wuchang Uprising®, culminating in the abdication of the last emperor, Puyi, in 1912,bringing an end to over two thousand years of imperial rule in China小题:Match each sentence (1-10) with the paragraph (A-J) that best contains the information. Each paragraph may be used MORE THAN ONCE.______ 1. This paragraph descibes how China's earliest confirmed dynasty practiced divination on boes and used bronze for ritual purposes.______ 2. This paragraph introduceds the idea that dynastic rule is more central to China's historical narrative than to that of any other civilization.______ 3. This paragraph explains how a short-lived dynasty introduced sweeping standardizations and centralized governance, laying the groundwork for future empires.______ 4. This paragraph details how the concept of the Mandate of Heaven emerged and justified the rise and fall of dynasties.______ 5. This paragraph highlights the development of Neo-Confucianism, landscape painting, and the use of paper money during an era of remarkable technological innovation.______ 6. This paragraph describes a golden age marked by openness, poetry, and cosmopolitanism, including the flourishing of Chang'an.______ 7. This paragraph recounts how a dynasty promoted Confucianism, expanded borders, established the Silk Road, and invented paper.______ 8. This paragraph explains how a foreign-led dynasty strengthened East-West connections and saw the growth of popular culture and drama.______ 9. This paragraph discusses maritime expeditions, the Forbidden City, and artistic achievements such as blue-and-white porcelain.______ 10. This paragraph describes a dynasty that experienced early success and expansion but declined due to internal rebellion and foreig intervention

There are ___ days in a year

A. three hundreds sixty-fiveB. three hundreds and sixty-fiveC. three hundred and sixty-fiveD. three hundred and sixty five

There are____ students in this school

A. eight hundreds and forty-sixB. eight hundred and forty sixC. eight hundred and forty-sixD. eight hundred forty-six

______people visit this museum every day

A. HundredB. HundredsC. Hundred ofD. Hundreds of

There are two___ people in the meeting room

A. hundredB. hundredsC. hundreds ofD. hundred of

Every year ___ watch NBA on TV

A. million peopleB. millions of peopleC. millions peopleD. million of people

____ trees have been planted in our school in the past 10 years

A. Thousands ofB. Two thousandsC. Thousand ofD. Two thousand of

Look! There are ___ in the sky

A. thousand starsB. thousand of starsC. thousands of starsD. thousands of star

My brother is in____

A. Three Class, One GradeB. Class Three, Grade OneC. Grade One, Class ThreeD. class three, grade one

We are going to learn___ this term

A. book sixB. six bookC. the book sixD. Book Six

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